tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20867770975622798592011-09-29T04:18:51.180-07:00Designed to understand the basic of Statistics and ProbabilityStatistics_Lecturehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01621843710008601739noreply@blogger.comBlogger271100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2086777097562279859.post-46783792438315341942010-03-22T05:45:00.001-07:002010-03-22T05:46:27.007-07:00

Population data help the businessman considerably in exploring new markets for his product; they serve as guideposts to market demand. The information on the consumer’s preference, buying habits, levels of living and income, together with their competition to be met, and the cost of operating business should be carefully studied.It should be noted that not all commodities enjoy large sales even

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The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the statistical method used for testing the null hypothesis that the means of several populations are equal. The comparison in means of 3 or more populations which follow normal distributions can be taken simultaneously in just one application of this test. This test, therefore, is a generalization of the z and t tests of two normal population means.In order to

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CORRELATION= is a measure of relationship between two variables.Coefficient of correlation determine validity, reliability and objectivity of an examination prepared. It also indicates the amount of agreement or disagreement between groups of scores, measurements, or individuals.Interpretation of Ranges+ 0.00 to + 0.20 –Slight correlation, almost negligible relationship+ 0.21 to + 0.40 –Slight

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1. With any two sets “A” and “B” there is associated a third set “C” satisfying the property that C = { X/X Є AV x Є B }In words: “C” is equal to X, such that X is belong to “A” or X is an element of B“C” is called the union of “A” and “B” we denote the set C symbolically as C = A U BExample:A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}A U B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}2. With any two sets A & B

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1. Finite set – countableExample: Sets A, B, C, D are finite sets2. Infinite set – uncountableExample: Set E is an infinite set3. Empty or null set – has no elementExample: A = { }4. Equal set – set A and set B are equal set if the elements of set A is exactly the element of set B.Example:A = {set of an even counting number of one digit} = {2,4,6,8}B = {set of an integral multiples of

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Example: Roster Method and Rule MethodMethods of Writing Set1. Roster or tabular methodThe elements of the set are enumerated and separated by comma.2. Rule method or set builderA, descriptive phrase is used to describe the elements of the set

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SetDefinition:Set is a well-defined collection of things or objectsNote: Sets maybe denoted by capital letters such as A,B,X, YAn element or member of a set is a thing that belongs to the set and maybe denoted by small letters such as a,b,c……..x,y.The members of the set are enclose in braces { }, with a comma separating the members.Example:The set “A” whose members are ETHEL, CYNTHIA, CHELO, we

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- A set is a collection of things- An element or member of a set is a thing that belongs to the set.* There are many words which we use in everyday language that have the same meaning as the word set.Example:1. A herb of cattle is a set of cattle2. A flock of birds is a set of birds3. A squadron of planes is a set of planes4. a school of fish is a set of fish5. A regiment of

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PermutationEach different arrangement or ordered set of object is caused a permutation of those objects.- if A = {a1, a2, a3……. An} is any set of n elements then any arrangement of the elements of “A” along a line is called a permutation of the elements of A.All the permutation of the elements of the set is given by the formula:P = n! where n = no. of elementsProblem:How many permutations can be

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1. At a certain canteen, Doris can choose merienda from three drinks (Coke, Pepsi, Gulaman) and four sandwiches from (bacon, chicken, tuna, egg). In how many ways.Solution:D = {Coke, Pepsi, Gulaman}N(D) = 3S = {Bacon, Chicken, Tuna, Egg}N(S) = 4N1 . N2 = 3 x 4 = 12 ways2. Two dice are rowed, in how many ways can they fall? If 3 dice are rowed? and if 4 dice are rowed?For two diceN1 = 6N2 = 6N1.

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Probability which connotes the “chance” or the “likelihood” that something will happen or occur is an interesting and fascinating area of mathematics.Probability – the part of mathematics that deals with the questions “how likely” is called probability or the theory of probability.Probability – is a measure of certainty, its scale is from 0 to 1. A probability of zero indicates that there is no

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Mode = is that single measure or score which occurs most frequently. When data are grouped into a frequency distribution, the crude mode is usually taken to be the midpoint of that interval which contains the largest frequency.When to use the mode:1. When a quick and approximate measure of central tendency is all that is wanted.2. When the measure of central tendency should be the most

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b.) Median = in the midpoint of the distribution. Half of the values in a distribution fall below median and the other half fall above it.When to use the median:1. When the exact midpoint f the distribution is wanted the, 50% point.2. When there are extreme scores which would markedly affect the mean. Extreme scores do not disturb the median.3. When it is desired that certain scores

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Central Tendency is the point about which the scores tend to cluster, a sort of average in the series. It is the center of concentration of scores in any set of data. It is a single number which represents the general level of performance of a group.Three (3) measures of Central Tendencya.) Mean – The mean on arithmetic mean, or arithmetic average is defined as the sum of the values in the

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1. Histogram. Class boundaries (x) vs. class frequency (y)2. Frequency Polygon. Class Mark (x) vs. class frequency (y)3. Less than ogive, upper class limit (x) vs. less than cumulative frequency (y)4. Greater than ogive. Lower class limit (x) vs. greater than cumulative frequency (y)

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Array – This is the arrangement of data from the highest to lowest or from lowest to highest.Range, R - is the difference between the highest and the lowest number.Number of class- it depends on the size and nature of or class interval distribution. The no. of classes is determined into which the range will be divided. Usually, an effective no. of classes is somewhere between 4 and 20.

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A common, very helpful way to summarize data collections method shows the frequency (no. of occurrences) in each of several categories.Frequency Distribution can be summarize large volume of data values so decision makes can extract useful information directly from the collection.Frequency Distribution is a tabular arrangement of data showing its classification or grouping according to magnitude

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A. According to continuity of values1. Continuous variables. These are variables that can take the form of decimals. Example. Weight, length, height, school achievement.2. Discrete or discontinuous variable. These are variables that can’t take the form of decimals. Example: number of students, number

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a. Direct or Interview Method – This is a personal communication with the individual you want to interview.b. Indirect or Questionnaires Method – This is done by sending questionnaires to the person from whom like to get the information.c. Registration – Utilizing existing records Example: records of births, marriages and deaths at the National Census of Statistics Office

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Data It is a facts or figures from which conclusions may be drawn. The statistical facts, historical facts, principles, opinions and item of various sources like scores, age, I.Q., Income, etc.Data Collection and Presentation The data collected must be valid, reliable, relevant, and consistent with other information to the problem at hand. Data collected may be classified as primary,

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Statistics may be divided into:1. Descriptive Statistics – which is concerned with the collection, classification, and presentation of data designed to summarize and describe the group characteristics of the data. Examples: the measure of location, measures of variability, skewness and kurtosis2. Inferential Statistics – refers to the drawing of conclusions or

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Population. It is the totality of all the actual or concerable objects of a certain class under consideration. It is a complete set of individuals, objects or measurements having some common observable characteristics. Sample. It is a finite number of objects selected from the population.

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Statistics or statistical method is playing an important role in nearly all fields of human endeavor. The influence of statistics has spread out in almost all fields such as education, agriculture, business, psychology, economics, physics, government, chemistry, sociology, and other branches of science and engineering. We are aware of the activities in our school. Our teacher give us the

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Statistics is not really a new subject. It has been existence since the earliest man on earth. The earliest tribes have been using statistics in keeping records of the: No. of individuals in their tribes No. of animals they have No. of enemies they killed and other similar data. The early astronomers, through careful observations and accurate recordings of data were able to predict the

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Introduction what statistics is?, Some term and their definition used in statisticsMethods of Collection of data and Kinds of samplingKinds of data and their examplesClassification of variableFrequency Distribution, and constructionGraphical presentation for continuous data and Graphical Presentation for discontinuous data Measures of Central Tendency(Mean, Median, Mode)Quartiles, Percentiles,

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Know the importance of collected and organized data to statistical analysis.Give a clear understanding to some terms to be used that will facilitate its computation in statistics.Learn and present a number of common statistical method for summarizing large data set.Give an insight how to find the appropriate measure of dispersion and how to examine several quantitative methods for describing the

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The word statistics refers in common usage to numerical data but it has an additional meaning that is more specialized. Statistics also refer to the methodology for the collection, presentation and analysis of data and for the use of such data. The collection and summarization of data are important first steps in the process of using data for analysis and decision making. The statistical

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